Parts of speech
The study of each language starts from the introduction to the parts of his speech. For beginners we need to clarify that these are classes of words, united with common meaning and grammatical properties. In English, they are divided into main and secondary.- Main
- verb. It means action or condition. Its main form is the infinitative. They change shape according to the grammatical time category.
- noun (noun name) denote specific or abstract concepts, persons and objects. In English, they have a number. Note that nouns do not change by type, although some words have retained this category. For example, the word ship can be met as she. And some city names.
- adverb / adverb/ Inalienable part of speech that specifies circumstances around the action. There are many categories of adverbs in English and depending on their role in the sentence, their position is changed. Some adverts are used to enhance the extent of the adjective: absolutely amazing.
- Adjective /applicative name/ Means sign, quality or property of objects or persons. In English, they are not coordinated by line and number. My words, your, his, etc. They are also adjectives in English, so-called. possessive adjectives.
- Pronoun / place/ Self-repairing modification of speech that replaces the names in the sentence. The words this, that, these, those are also pronouns in English like Bulgarian.
- Secondary
- preposition /preposition/ Service word expressing the attitude of noun or pronoun to other words in the sentence.
- conjunction / UNION/ Service words that connect words and phrases in simple sentences and simple sentences in the complicated sentence.
- interjection / intermission/ Inalienable parts of speech that serve to express exclaims, feelings or sounds.
- numeral /numerative name/ For dates in English we use first, second, third, etc. but also to mark continuity with rulers Charles the Second, Henry the eight.
- Partile / particle/ The particles participate in the composition of the phrase verbs. For example, take up, turn off, etc.
Prepositions and alliances
They are service words that generally serve as a link between the words in the sentence or the simple sentences in the complex. This is the role that makes them one of the most important building blocks of speech because they point to the relationship and relations between the perpetrator, the action and the victim.- Prepositions
It is important to note that a literal translation from English to Bulgarian is often impossible. This creates quite a difficulty in choosing a preposition for both beginners and advanced with the language. We can divide them into four categories - spatial, temporal, causal and targeted. But the best advice is - study their use with examples and frequently used phrases, because the same preposition may fall into two categories, for example . .in .:
- for time - in terms of months, seasons, part of the day, year in August / in winter
- for place - in room, building, street, city, country, car, taxi in the kitchen, in London, in the car
- Unions
- Coordinating Conjunctions - they connect words, phrases and parts of the sentence that do not depend on each other. For example: and, but, or, yet, for, nor, so.
- Subordination Conjunction (subordination) - link the additional sentence to the main and specify the subjunctive character between them. For example: When she read the book, she locked it in her desktop. ▪ When she read the book, she locked it in her desk.
Use of some and any
They are the undefined pronouns, which like the rest of this class do not have an exact equivalent in Bulgarian. We pay attention to two of the most commonly used ones, often mistaken by English students.
- Some - used in positive, narrative sentences and translated as
- I have some books.
- I have some books.
- There is some milk in the bottle.
- There's some milk in the bottle.
- We can also use it in questioning sentences, such as invitations, courtesy, for example:
- Would you like some coffee?
- - Do you want some coffee?
- Any - used in questioning and negative sentences and translated as
- Are there any books on the table?
- - Are there any books on the table?
- Is there any ketchup?
- Is there any ketchup?
Formation of plural
In English, this is relatively easy and there are precise rules for all cases. The most common plural is formed by adding the ending- boy - boys
- girl - girls /girl - girls/
- If the word ends at -s; -ss; -x; -ch; -tch; -sh . . then the ending for plural is
- gas - gases /gas - gases/
- fox - foxes
- watch - watch - watches
- When the noun ends on -y after consent, plurally -y → i + es, except when -y is after vowel:
- Lady - ladies / lady - ladies/ but play
- shelf - shelves /handcuff - cabinets/
- knife - knives
- tomato - tomatoes /tomato - tomatoes/
- Man - men
- woman - women
- Child - children
- Tooth - teeth
- Sheep - sheep, sheep
- Fish -fish, fish
- Clothes - clothes
- stairs - stairs